Request Tutoring Info
Please enter name
Please enter email
Please enter phone
Please enter details
BERGEN COUNTY ASVAB tutors

Book Top-Rated ASVAB Tutors Near Me In BERGEN COUNTY, NJ

Our BERGEN COUNTY ASVAB tutors are top college students and graduates from local area universities. They have an average GPA of 3.5 or higher in their areas of tutoring specialization. At Frog Tutoring, we work with students in all grade levels and our BERGEN COUNTY private ASVAB tutors provide customized one on one in-home tutoring through our proven three step approach to academic success.

1.Bring student up to speed by reviewing past work to ensure they are not missing any important concepts that might affect their abilities to learn future lessons. 2. Keep student ahead of the class by using the teachers lesson plan, textbook, and online curriculum to cover lessons before it is taught in class. 2. Reinforce key concepts they might have missed. This ensures they will never be behind again. Your tutor will also help with organization, study skills, and note taking strategies.
Your BERGEN COUNTY area ASVAB tutor will also track student progress through detailed session reports which will be available to you at the end of each tutoring session. If it is okay with you, your tutor will contact your child's teacher, for K-12, to get a more detailed understanding of what they are struggling with and also to make sure that he/she and the teacher are both on the same page in their approach to tackling the problem.

Browse our list of qualified ASVAB tutors below. If you are in need of an ASVAB tutor in BERGEN COUNTY, please call us or simply go to the tab above and Request a Tutor and let us help provide the understanding and assistance needed for success.

Read more... Read less
cnn cbs boston miami fox news

List of High-Achieving ASVAB Tutors Near Me In BERGEN COUNTY, NJ For In-Person & Online Tutoring


How it works

tutors, tutoring, tutoring service, tutoring services, homework help, private tutors, home tutors

Request any tutor by submitting a form

tutors, tutoring, tutoring service, tutoring services, homework help, private tutors, home tutors

Speak with our enrollment advisor to get your questions answered

tutors, tutoring, tutoring service, tutoring services, homework help, private tutors, home tutors

Get connected with your private in-person or online tutor

Our Students and Parents Love Us
as Much as We Love Them

">
JC
Knowledge
Presentation

Sarah is our 5th tutor we have used on Frog tutoring. In just one short month of tutoring my child with ADHD, she has improved his math grade from a C to an A-!! We are so happy for the progress our child has made with Sarah’s help, and we will definitely continue to use her as our child’s...

">
JL
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}The sessions are going well and I am understanding the material . The information is clear , which I love.

">
RG
Knowledge
Presentation

Overall, AJ was absolutely amazing. I didn’t understand almost anything in physics and he made it seem like elementary grade stuff, overall was amazing and I will miss him

">
KB
Knowledge
Presentation

Ali is an amazing tutor always willing to help me on my school assignments and is a very down-to-earth person.

">
JD
Knowledge
Presentation

good tutor

">
KB
Knowledge
Presentation

Looking forward to meeting you.

">
AN
Knowledge
Presentation

Joyce has been great in helping me review topics for the NCLEX

">
SM
Knowledge
Presentation

Ryan in very knowledgeable on the topics I was needing help with. He is professional and works around your schedule. The best tutor I have had on frog tutoring.

">
RW
Knowledge
Presentation

Good tutor

">
RW
Knowledge
Presentation

Never partnered so unable to rate accurately but frog tutors are great so why not give a 5

">
OS
Knowledge
Presentation

patient and knowledgeable

">
Dm
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}Hayeon Lee is fantastic !
Very knowledgeable and wonderful to work with.
She is kind and is very easy to learn from.
Thank you for finding her.
We have another session Tuesday but I have to reschedule
Perhaps Wednesday?

">
DY
Knowledge
Presentation

Very encouraging and funny. He makes learning fun and teaches in a very simple, easy way to understand.

">
MP
Knowledge
Presentation

Pamela is wonderful! She's the perfect fit for my son! She's very engaging and makes tutoring fun for him

">
HB
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}
Vince is very happy with this tutor.

">
RF
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}Jaelynn Cafourek's accomplished computer skills and college training make her a very valuable asset to those who need a professional with their studies.I highly recommend her and her excellent attitude, and clear ability to connect with others and their specific learning...

">
JS
Knowledge
Presentation

Carolle is an excellent tutor. She explains things well, sends me frequent reminders of what I learned during the week, and is altogether a pleasure

">
DR
Knowledge
Presentation

Jeff was extremely knowledgeable and helpful. Deep industry knowledge in running in investment firm and very solid resource. Thank you!

">
MV
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}
Joyce is very knowledgeable and helpful.

">
TS
Knowledge
Presentation

A very smart individual, has great knowledge to cover the stuff needed based off your preference.

">
RF
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}Craig has been a big help with helping me learn how to use the internet, navigate a job search and I have learned quite a bit in a shot time.

">
DY
Knowledge
Presentation

Makes learing fun!

">
OT
Knowledge
Presentation

Matthew and I concentrated on financial statements in my CFA Level 1 curriculum. He was extremely knowledgeable and, with his own industry experience, he was very effective at providing real-life examples that made it easier to understand the concepts.

">
Ma
Knowledge
Presentation

He is a great tutor. He knows the topics very well and explains them easily. My only complaint is that his handwriting is somewhat messy. All in all, he is a great SAT tutor for English and math.

">
MB
Knowledge
Presentation

Awesome! he and my son work great together! My Son won't work with anyone else.

">
IB
Knowledge
Presentation

Gurleen is AMAZING!!!!!! She is the best tutor you will find on here. She is very knowledgeable on chemistry and will help you work through so many problems despite them being very challenging. Gurleen helps with retaining the knowledge and provides notes and practice problems as well. if you need...

">
RH
Knowledge
Presentation

Dana is very knwoedgable, especially with anatomy. I was a earning around an 80-84 percent(C) in my medical program exams. With Dana's assistance and vast knowledge in this subject I have passed a written exam AND a practical with a 92(A)!!! Dana positively encourages/challenges her students...

">
LC
Knowledge
Presentation

Sunita Woodcheke has not only demonstrated an extraordinary commitment to my child's academic progress but has also exhibited remarkable patience, enthusiasm, and expertise in their teaching approach. Through personalized lessons and tailored guidance Sunita has fostered a supportive learning...

">
SM
Knowledge
Presentation

Kevin is knowledgeable about math, and he knows how to teach. I’m very rusty on my skills, but he’s been nothing but patient with me. He absorbs my weaknesses and focuses on what I need help with. I appreciate all he’s done so far.

">
TG
Knowledge
Presentation

McKenna has done a great job of working with my daughter on geometry.

">
TM
Knowledge
Presentation

school rating and grades improved.

">
NC
Knowledge
Presentation

I am so happy with this tutoring, my son is engaged all the time. He loves to work in the computer and the activities that they do during the tutoring. She used many different way and form in order to keep him engaged.

">
EC
Knowledge
Presentation

Annie is great!!!!

">
EC
Knowledge
Presentation

Madi is fantastic!!

">
NT
Knowledge
Presentation

I don't sit next to my 9yo during sessions, and this is the first time I ever used a tutor. I can tell you that using a tutor eliminates all the fighting and whining from my kid about doing homework which makes me very happy. They get a lot done during an hour. The tutor is focused, prepared,...

">
PM
Knowledge
Presentation

Fabulous. Olivia is engaging, knowledgeable, and a delight to work with. Highly recommend. Always punctual. Always reliable. Always helpful. Competent with both homework help and direct instruction.

">
CH
Knowledge
Presentation

Extremely knowledgeable and gave direct examples of certain concepts I had trouble with. He also helped assess some of the specific terminology that I need to look for on the exam.

">
TG
Knowledge
Presentation

Chigbo explains concepts in a way that makes it easy to understand. My daughter's understanding and confidence had a real boost in just two days.

">
JE
Knowledge
Presentation

Matthew was very knowledgable in the CFP topics and is very flexible with his ability to review materials and go through the questioning.

">
KK
Knowledge
Presentation

Ivan is absolutely amazing with his knowledge, He is my tutor for college level pre-calculus and I can confidently say that I would not be able to get through my class without ivans help with the class material. He has great patience and will explain and walk you through each problem until you need...

">
AC
Knowledge
Presentation

Very encouraging and goes at a good pace which has been immensely beneficial. Very punctual, there's never been any issues with scheduling. Overall, I have been enjoying my sessions and I look forward to more as he helps me prepare for my ACT.

">
CP
Knowledge
Presentation

Taitana Has tutored my daughter in math and english, she has my daughter think differently in problem solving and expanded her vocabulary. She never gives you the answer but helps you solve a problem together for my daughter to understand why the problem or word is not correct. Will request her...

">
NB
Knowledge
Presentation

So far so good

">
ER
Knowledge
Presentation

Very encouraging, and I enjoy working with her

">
CO
Knowledge
Presentation

My son has been with Barjeana for a few sessions now and loves her! She is so knowledgeable and patient. Best of all she makes the sessions fun and interactive. He struggles with focus, but she keeps him engaged in the session and on track. He looks forward to his tutoring with Ms. Barjeana. ...

">
IB
Knowledge
Presentation

He was great and very knowledgeable on the subject of chemistry, however there was a language barrier

">
GG
Knowledge
Presentation

Excellent tutor! He is very knowledgeable of the content! Our son has improved his grades since he started with Mr. Lopez!

">
KW
Knowledge
Presentation

Mario takes his time explaining each concept. I am finally understanding the subject and my test grades have approved drastically.

">
DY
Knowledge
Presentation

Excellent experience. Very good teacher

">
AJ
Knowledge
Presentation

I think Lisa Chaney is a great tutorial but I also think Corwon need a little more practice.

Qualification and Certification of ASVAB Tutors Near Me In BERGEN COUNTY, NJ


  • Undergraduate
  • Bachelor degree holders
  • Master degree holders
  • Ph.D. holders
  • Teaching Certification
  • Professional Certificate
  • Background checks
  • Tutoring experience
  • Continuous education
  • FrogTutoring verification certification

BERGEN COUNTY, NJ ASVAB Tutoring Rates


  • Price range from $37/hr - $65/hr
  • Rates vary based on the type of tutoring, methods used, and the number of hours required.
  • Contact our enrollment team to receive your personalized rate.

Tutoring Methods of Our Private Tutors In BERGEN COUNTY, NJ


  • In-person/in-home tutoring
  • Online tutoring
  • One-on-one tutoring
  • Group lessons tutoring.

Tools We Use For Online ASVAB Tutoring


  • Zoom
  • FrogTutoring custom online tutoring platform
  • The Lesson space

Our ASVAB Clientele In BERGEN COUNTY, NJ


  • High school students
  • Middle school students
  • College students
  • Adults
  • Special needs students

Tutoring Locations For ASVAB In BERGEN COUNTY, NJ


  • Student homes
  • Public Libraries
  • BERGEN COUNTY neighborhoods and suburbs

Sign up now for our one-on-one private ASVAB tutoring in BERGEN COUNTY, NJ


BERGEN COUNTY, NJ Tutoring FAQ

What are the best tutoring services available in Bergen County, NJ?

In Bergen County, NJ, parents and students have a variety of top-tier tutoring services to choose from. Among these options, FrogTutoring stands out for its personalized learning plans, highly qualified tutors, and flexible scheduling designed to fit students' unique needs and goals. They offer in-person and online tutoring for a wide range of subjects and educational levels.

How do I find a qualified tutor for math in Bergen County, NJ?

To find a qualified math tutor in Bergen County, NJ, seek services that vet their tutors carefully like FrogTutoring. They match students with experienced tutors based on the student's learning style and the tutor's area of expertise. You can also check tutor profiles, reviews, and qualifications on the FrogTutoring website to ensure the best fit for your math learning needs.

Are there affordable tutoring options in Bergen County, NJ?

Yes, there are affordable tutoring options in Bergen County, NJ. FrogTutoring offers competitive rates and various package deals to accommodate different budgets. They believe in providing high-quality tutoring services that are accessible to a broad range of students, making educational support both effective and affordable.

Can I get test prep help in Bergen County, NJ?

Certainly! Students looking for test prep assistance in Bergen County, NJ, can turn to services like FrogTutoring. They offer specialized test prep programs for SAT, ACT, GRE, and other standardized tests. Their tutors are knowledgeable about exam patterns and provide strategies to improve test-taking skills and boost confidence.

What subjects can I get tutoring for in Bergen County, NJ?

In Bergen County, NJ, you can find tutoring for a wide array of subjects through platforms like FrogTutoring. Whether you need help with science, math, English, foreign languages, or advanced placement (AP) courses, FrogTutoring has qualified tutors ready to assist you with personalized sessions tailored to your subject-specific needs.

Is online tutoring available for students in Bergen County, NJ?

Yes, online tutoring is available for students in Bergen County, NJ. Institutions like FrogTutoring offer flexible online tutoring services that provide one-on-one learning experiences with qualified tutors. This convenient option allows students to receive personalized assistance from the comfort of their own homes.

ASVAB FAQ

What is the ASVAB test?

The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is a multiple-choice test administered by the United States Military Entrance Processing Command, used to determine qualification for enlistment in the United States armed forces. It covers a range of topics, including math, science, English, and technical skills.

How can I prepare for the ASVAB test?

To prepare for the ASVAB, you can study by using ASVAB preparation books, taking practice tests online, working with a tutor who specializes in military test preparation, and by brushing up on basic math and reading comprehension skills. Consistent study and practice can help you improve your scores.

What is the best way to find an ASVAB tutor?

The best way to find an ASVAB tutor is to look for a tutor who specializes in military aptitude tests. You can find a tutor through online tutoring platforms, by asking for recommendations at local education centers, or checking with military recruitment offices which might offer resources.

How much does ASVAB tutoring cost?

The cost of ASVAB tutoring varies depending on the tutor’s experience, qualifications, and location. Generally, rates can range from $25 to $80 per hour. Some tutors may offer package deals or sliding scales based on your ability to pay.

Can ASVAB tutoring improve my test scores?

Yes, ASVAB tutoring can improve your test scores by providing focused, personalized instruction and practice. A good tutor will address your specific weaknesses, help you develop test-taking strategies, and build your confidence through practice problems and mock exams.

Common Questions on ASVAB Tutors

What is the ASVAB and why do I need a tutor for it?

The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is a multiple-choice test used to determine qualification for enlistment in the United States armed forces. It measures strengths, weaknesses, and potential for future success. A tutor can help you understand the test format, improve in specific subject areas, and develop test-taking strategies to enhance your performance. Get the edge you need to excel on the ASVAB. To request a specialized ASVAB tutor and learn more about our services, click this link: Request a Tutor.

How can an ASVAB tutor help improve my scores?

An ASVAB tutor can provide you with individualized attention, focus on specific subjects where you need improvement, offer study and test-taking strategies, and provide practice tests to track your progress. With personalized tutoring, you can build confidence and improve your scores on the ASVAB. Ready to boost your ASVAB score? Click here to learn more and Request a Tutor.

What subjects are covered by ASVAB tutors?

ASVAB tutors cover all the subjects included in the test: Arithmetic Reasoning, Word Knowledge, Paragraph Comprehension, Mathematics Knowledge, General Science, Electronics Information, Auto & Shop Information, and Mechanical Comprehension. Tutors will tailor sessions to the subjects you need to focus on. To find a tutor who can help you with these subjects, click this link: Request a Tutor.

How do I find the right ASVAB tutor for me?

Finding the right ASVAB tutor involves looking at their expertise in the subjects tested, their familiarity with the ASVAB format, and their ability to adapt their teaching style to your learning needs. FrogTutoring evaluates all these aspects to connect you with the best possible match for your ASVAB preparation. Start your journey to a better ASVAB score by clicking here: Request a Tutor.

Can ASVAB tutoring be done online?

Yes, ASVAB tutoring can be conducted online, offering the convenience of learning from anywhere while still providing personalized, one-on-one instruction. FrogTutoring offers flexible online tutoring options to prepare you for the ASVAB. Elevate your preparation by starting online tutoring today. Click the following link to Request a Tutor.

BERGEN COUNTY, NJ Neighborhoods We Service

Bergen County, nestled in the northeastern corner of New Jersey, is a mosaic of vibrant communities, each with its own unique flavor and charm. As one of the most diverse and prosperous counties in the state, Bergen County offers a multitude of neighborhoods catering to a range of lifestyles, family dynamics, and cultural preferences.

In the picturesque suburb of Ridgewood, tree-lined streets lead to stately homes and a bustling downtown area replete with high-end dining and boutique shopping. Ridgewood is celebrated for its excellent schools and family-friendly atmosphere.

Englewood, with its rich artistic community, boasts the Bergen Performing Arts Center and an array of galleries. Here, residential options range from historic homes to modern apartments, attracting a mix of professionals and creatives alike.

Paramus, known as the retail hub of New Jersey, hosts numerous shopping centers like Garden State Plaza and Paramus Park Mall. Beyond its commercial allure, Paramus offers quiet neighborhoods with beautiful parks and recreation facilities.

Teaneck serves as a melting pot of cultures and is home to a variety of religious institutions, reflective of its diverse population. The township blends residential areas with bustling commercial streets, providing an all-encompassing community experience.

Fort Lee, positioned at the gateway to New York City via the George Washington Bridge, appeals to those seeking a more urban lifestyle without sacrificing the perks of suburbia. High-rise apartments offer Manhattan skyline views, while quieter streets feature single-family homes and manicured lawns.

In the northern part of Bergen County, communities like Ramsey balance rural charm with modern conveniences, showcasing sprawling parks, farms, and nature preserves alongside shopping centers and fine restaurants.

Closter prides itself on a rich colonial history, now interwoven with contemporary amenities. The revamped Closter Plaza brings a fresh vibe to this classic town, merging past and future.

Mahwah, the county's largest municipality by area, is an outdoor enthusiast's paradise, bordered by state parks and reservations. It hosts a range of neighborhoods from luxurious mansions to affordable condos.

Lyndhurst offers a more urban setting, distinguished by its proximity to the Meadowlands Sports Complex and a rapidly developing riverfront area with easy access to transportation paths into New York City.

Franklin Lakes, renowned for its opulent homes and celebrity residents, is dotted with private lakes and exclusive neighborhoods, presenting an enclave of tranquility and luxury.

In Old Tappan, residents enjoy golf courses, parks, and a tight-knit community spirit that underscores its family-oriented neighborhoods.

Edgewater sits along the Hudson River, promising spectacular views and an energetic urban atmosphere. A variety of housing options, from waterfront condos to planned communities, cater to professionals and families looking for a blend of convenience and waterfront living.

Hillsdale, with its small-town ambiance and top-notch public schools, is characterized by community events that strengthen the neighborly bond among residents.

Other notable neighborhoods in Bergen County include Alpine, known for its palatial estates and celebrity inhabitants; Tenafly, with its strong educational system and picturesque streets; Saddle River, offering luxurious living with larger property lots; and Wyckoff, where a mix of housing styles and excellent schools draw families seeking a suburban lifestyle.

From the urban vibe of Hackensack and its burgeoning downtown district to the suburban serenity of Oradell and its park-like environs, Bergen County's neighborhoods offer a spectrum of living experiences.

Each neighborhood in Bergen County, from North Arlington with its commuter conveniences to the tranquil community of Park Ridge, embraces its individual character while collectively contributing to the rich tapestry that defines the area. Whether you're looking for the hustle and bustle of a city-inspired lifestyle or the quiet charm of a suburban retreat, Bergen County has a neighborhood that is sure to feel like home.

About BERGEN COUNTY, NJ And It’s Education Institutions

Bergen County, NJ, is steeped in history and rich in landmarks, which narrate the story of its development from a colonial-era Dutch settlement to a bustling modern-day suburban enclave. One cannot miss the iconic Bergen County Courthouse in Hackensack, a historic building dating back to the early 18th century, which stands as a testimony to the county's heritage. The nearby New Bridge Landing, a site of critical encounters during the American Revolutionary War, also hosts the historic Steuben House, providing visitors with a glimpse into 18th-century life. Moreover, the tranquil grounds of the Palisades Interstate Park offer stunning views of the Hudson River and serve as a natural getaway for residents and tourists alike.

Education in Bergen County is a top priority, as evidenced by its highly-rated public and private K-12 schools. Renowned institutions such as the Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, a magnet public high school, and the Northern Valley Regional High School in Demarest consistently rank high for their academic excellence. Private schools, including the Dwight-Englewood School and the Saddle River Day School, offer alternative educational options known for their rigorous programs. In addition to these top-tier schools, Bergen County provides robust educational resources to its students, such as public libraries equipped with latest research tools, and youth programs aimed at fostering learning and development beyond the classroom.

Founded in 1683, Bergen County has grown considerably both in geographical spread and population, now housing over 950,000 residents according to recent estimates, making it the most populous county in New Jersey. While Bergen County does not have a unified school district (ISD), its educational landscape is fragmented into several local school districts, with each community maintaining its schools. In terms of higher education, the county is home to Fairleigh Dickinson University's Metropolitan Campus and Ramapo College of New Jersey, institutions that offer a diverse array of undergraduate and graduate programs catering to a broad spectrum of academic interests and professional aspirations. The county’s commitment to education and historical preservation meld together harmoniously, creating a dynamic and enriching community for all who reside and visit here.

Students at These BERGEN COUNTY, NJ Schools Excel with Our Tutoring

Below is a sample list of top schools in Bergen County, New Jersey, including both private and public institutions. The schools mentioned here are examples of the many schools whose students have benefited from our tutoring services. While our support has reached a wide range of schools in the area, this list presents just a sample, showcasing the quality and diversity of educational opportunities available in Bergen County. Please note that the ranking or order of schools does not imply any superiority, as all these schools have shown excellence in education.

Bergen County Academies Tenafly High School Ridgewood High School Northern Highlands Regional High School Ramapo High School Pascack Hills High School Indian Hills High School Bergen Catholic High School Academy of the Holy Angels Don Bosco Preparatory High School Paramus High School Cresskill High School Park Ridge High School Glen Rock High School Dwight-Englewood School Saddle River Day School Fort Lee High School Mahwah High School St. Joseph Regional High School The Elisabeth Morrow School

Keep in mind that this list is not exhaustive, and Bergen County is home to many other excellent schools besides the ones listed here. It's always important to do thorough research and consider individual needs when evaluating the best educational fit for a student.

About ASVAB & ASVAB Tutoring

The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is a widely recognized test used to assess a candidate's qualifications for enlistment in the United States Armed Forces. It is essentially a multiple-choice test administered by the United States Military Entrance Processing Command.

As a comprehensive assessment, the ASVAB evaluates an individual's knowledge in various academic and technical fields, encompassing both their aptitude for military service and their potential for future training and career success. The test is divided into subtests that measure capabilities across domains such as verbal, math, science and technical, and spatial.

There are two primary types of ASVAB tests: the computer-adaptive version known as the CAT-ASVAB, and the paper-based version administered at various testing locations. The CAT-ASVAB adapts its difficulty based on the examinee's responses, while the paper-based version has a fixed set of questions.

The ASVAB is associated with various entities, including high schools, where it can be offered as a career exploration tool, and Military Entrance Processing Stations (MEPS), where it is used to qualify enlistees. Furthermore, the Department of Defense oversees the design and administration of the test.

Tutoring someone who struggles with ASVAB effectively involves a tailored approach, focusing on both their strengths and weaknesses. The best strategy often includes:

  1. Initial Assessment: Identifying which particular subtests the individual struggles with.
  2. Customized Study Plan: Creating a study plan that emphasizes challenging areas while also reinforcing strengths.
  3. Concept Mastery: Focusing on mastery of foundational concepts before moving on to more difficult material.
  4. Practice Tests: Incorporating regular practice tests to familiarize the individual with the test format and time constraints.
  5. Reviewing Results: Analyzing wrong answers in detail to understand the underlying concepts.
  6. Skill Application: Applying learned concepts to different types of questions or problems to ensure flexibility in knowledge.

Commonly tested concepts in the ASVAB include basic arithmetic reasoning, word knowledge, and paragraph comprehension, which are generally manageable for many test-takers. However, some of the most difficult concepts may stem from technical subtests such as General Science, Electronics Information, Auto and Shop Information, and Mechanical Comprehension, as these require not only rote memorization but also the application of principles and problem-solving skills.

Tailoring tutoring sessions to the individual's learning style—be it visual, auditory, reading/writing preferable, or kinesthetic—is also crucial in helping them grasp the more difficult concepts. By providing clear explanations, real-world examples, and hands-on demonstrations when possible, a tutor can significantly enhance a student's understanding and retention of the ASVAB material.