Request Tutoring Info
Please enter name
Please enter email
Please enter phone
Please enter details
Palmdale CFA tutors

Book Top-Rated CFA Tutors Near Me In Palmdale, CA

Our Palmdale CFA tutors are top college students and graduates from local area universities. They have an average GPA of 3.5 or higher in their areas of tutoring specialization. At Frog Tutoring, we work with students in all grade levels and our Palmdale private CFA tutors provide customized one on one in-home tutoring through our proven three step approach to academic success.

1.Bring student up to speed by reviewing past work to ensure they are not missing any important concepts that might affect their abilities to learn future lessons. 2. Keep student ahead of the class by using the teachers lesson plan, textbook, and online curriculum to cover lessons before it is taught in class. 2. Reinforce key concepts they might have missed. This ensures they will never be behind again. Your tutor will also help with organization, study skills, and note taking strategies.
Your Palmdale area CFA tutor will also track student progress through detailed session reports which will be available to you at the end of each tutoring session. If it is okay with you, your tutor will contact your child's teacher, for K-12, to get a more detailed understanding of what they are struggling with and also to make sure that he/she and the teacher are both on the same page in their approach to tackling the problem.

Browse our list of qualified CFA tutors below. If you are in need of an CFA tutor in Palmdale, please call us or simply go to the tab above and Request a Tutor and let us help provide the understanding and assistance needed for success.

Read more... Read less
cnn cbs boston miami fox news

List of High-Achieving CFA Tutors Near Me In Palmdale, CA For In-Person & Online Tutoring


How it works

tutors, tutoring, tutoring service, tutoring services, homework help, private tutors, home tutors

Request any tutor by submitting a form

tutors, tutoring, tutoring service, tutoring services, homework help, private tutors, home tutors

Speak with our enrollment advisor to get your questions answered

tutors, tutoring, tutoring service, tutoring services, homework help, private tutors, home tutors

Get connected with your private in-person or online tutor

Our Students and Parents Love Us
as Much as We Love Them

">
TA
Knowledge
Presentation

Alex has thoroughly enjoyed the sessions and found them to be very helpful. I am really happy with the feedback and the communication. Wouldn't hesitate to recommend.

">
JY
Knowledge
Presentation

Rosemary was super helpful going over some of the concepts that were tricky, and helped explain the content well.

">
HM
Knowledge
Presentation

Super helpful and willing to adjust to my learning habits. I really enjoy our time working together as the preparation from her end is very noticeable and appreciated.

">
LC
Knowledge
Presentation

Great tutoring session!

">
JC
Knowledge
Presentation

Sarah is our 5th tutor we have used on Frog tutoring. In just one short month of tutoring my child with ADHD, she has improved his math grade from a C to an A-!! We are so happy for the progress our child has made with Sarah’s help, and we will definitely continue to use her as our child’s...

">
JL
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}The sessions are going well and I am understanding the material . The information is clear , which I love.

">
RG
Knowledge
Presentation

Overall, AJ was absolutely amazing. I didn’t understand almost anything in physics and he made it seem like elementary grade stuff, overall was amazing and I will miss him

">
KB
Knowledge
Presentation

Ali is an amazing tutor always willing to help me on my school assignments and is a very down-to-earth person.

">
JD
Knowledge
Presentation

good tutor

">
KB
Knowledge
Presentation

Looking forward to meeting you.

">
AN
Knowledge
Presentation

Joyce has been great in helping me review topics for the NCLEX

">
SM
Knowledge
Presentation

Ryan in very knowledgeable on the topics I was needing help with. He is professional and works around your schedule. The best tutor I have had on frog tutoring.

">
RW
Knowledge
Presentation

Good tutor

">
RW
Knowledge
Presentation

Never partnered so unable to rate accurately but frog tutors are great so why not give a 5

">
OS
Knowledge
Presentation

patient and knowledgeable

">
Dm
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}Hayeon Lee is fantastic !
Very knowledgeable and wonderful to work with.
She is kind and is very easy to learn from.
Thank you for finding her.
We have another session Tuesday but I have to reschedule
Perhaps Wednesday?

">
DY
Knowledge
Presentation

Very encouraging and funny. He makes learning fun and teaches in a very simple, easy way to understand.

">
MP
Knowledge
Presentation

Pamela is wonderful! She's the perfect fit for my son! She's very engaging and makes tutoring fun for him

">
HB
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}
Vince is very happy with this tutor.

">
RF
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}Jaelynn Cafourek's accomplished computer skills and college training make her a very valuable asset to those who need a professional with their studies.I highly recommend her and her excellent attitude, and clear ability to connect with others and their specific learning...

">
JS
Knowledge
Presentation

Carolle is an excellent tutor. She explains things well, sends me frequent reminders of what I learned during the week, and is altogether a pleasure

">
DR
Knowledge
Presentation

Jeff was extremely knowledgeable and helpful. Deep industry knowledge in running in investment firm and very solid resource. Thank you!

">
MV
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}
Joyce is very knowledgeable and helpful.

">
TS
Knowledge
Presentation

A very smart individual, has great knowledge to cover the stuff needed based off your preference.

">
RF
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}Craig has been a big help with helping me learn how to use the internet, navigate a job search and I have learned quite a bit in a shot time.

">
DY
Knowledge
Presentation

Makes learing fun!

">
OT
Knowledge
Presentation

Matthew and I concentrated on financial statements in my CFA Level 1 curriculum. He was extremely knowledgeable and, with his own industry experience, he was very effective at providing real-life examples that made it easier to understand the concepts.

">
Ma
Knowledge
Presentation

He is a great tutor. He knows the topics very well and explains them easily. My only complaint is that his handwriting is somewhat messy. All in all, he is a great SAT tutor for English and math.

">
MB
Knowledge
Presentation

Awesome! he and my son work great together! My Son won't work with anyone else.

">
IB
Knowledge
Presentation

Gurleen is AMAZING!!!!!! She is the best tutor you will find on here. She is very knowledgeable on chemistry and will help you work through so many problems despite them being very challenging. Gurleen helps with retaining the knowledge and provides notes and practice problems as well. if you need...

">
RH
Knowledge
Presentation

Dana is very knwoedgable, especially with anatomy. I was a earning around an 80-84 percent(C) in my medical program exams. With Dana's assistance and vast knowledge in this subject I have passed a written exam AND a practical with a 92(A)!!! Dana positively encourages/challenges her students...

">
LC
Knowledge
Presentation

Sunita Woodcheke has not only demonstrated an extraordinary commitment to my child's academic progress but has also exhibited remarkable patience, enthusiasm, and expertise in their teaching approach. Through personalized lessons and tailored guidance Sunita has fostered a supportive learning...

">
SM
Knowledge
Presentation

Kevin is knowledgeable about math, and he knows how to teach. I’m very rusty on my skills, but he’s been nothing but patient with me. He absorbs my weaknesses and focuses on what I need help with. I appreciate all he’s done so far.

">
TG
Knowledge
Presentation

McKenna has done a great job of working with my daughter on geometry.

">
TM
Knowledge
Presentation

school rating and grades improved.

">
NC
Knowledge
Presentation

I am so happy with this tutoring, my son is engaged all the time. He loves to work in the computer and the activities that they do during the tutoring. She used many different way and form in order to keep him engaged.

">
EC
Knowledge
Presentation

Annie is great!!!!

">
EC
Knowledge
Presentation

Madi is fantastic!!

">
NT
Knowledge
Presentation

I don't sit next to my 9yo during sessions, and this is the first time I ever used a tutor. I can tell you that using a tutor eliminates all the fighting and whining from my kid about doing homework which makes me very happy. They get a lot done during an hour. The tutor is focused, prepared,...

">
PM
Knowledge
Presentation

Fabulous. Olivia is engaging, knowledgeable, and a delight to work with. Highly recommend. Always punctual. Always reliable. Always helpful. Competent with both homework help and direct instruction.

">
CH
Knowledge
Presentation

Extremely knowledgeable and gave direct examples of certain concepts I had trouble with. He also helped assess some of the specific terminology that I need to look for on the exam.

">
TG
Knowledge
Presentation

Chigbo explains concepts in a way that makes it easy to understand. My daughter's understanding and confidence had a real boost in just two days.

">
JE
Knowledge
Presentation

Matthew was very knowledgable in the CFP topics and is very flexible with his ability to review materials and go through the questioning.

">
KK
Knowledge
Presentation

Ivan is absolutely amazing with his knowledge, He is my tutor for college level pre-calculus and I can confidently say that I would not be able to get through my class without ivans help with the class material. He has great patience and will explain and walk you through each problem until you need...

">
AC
Knowledge
Presentation

Very encouraging and goes at a good pace which has been immensely beneficial. Very punctual, there's never been any issues with scheduling. Overall, I have been enjoying my sessions and I look forward to more as he helps me prepare for my ACT.

">
CP
Knowledge
Presentation

Taitana Has tutored my daughter in math and english, she has my daughter think differently in problem solving and expanded her vocabulary. She never gives you the answer but helps you solve a problem together for my daughter to understand why the problem or word is not correct. Will request her...

">
NB
Knowledge
Presentation

So far so good

">
ER
Knowledge
Presentation

Very encouraging, and I enjoy working with her

">
CO
Knowledge
Presentation

My son has been with Barjeana for a few sessions now and loves her! She is so knowledgeable and patient. Best of all she makes the sessions fun and interactive. He struggles with focus, but she keeps him engaged in the session and on track. He looks forward to his tutoring with Ms. Barjeana. ...

">
IB
Knowledge
Presentation

He was great and very knowledgeable on the subject of chemistry, however there was a language barrier

Qualification and Certification of CFA Tutors Near Me In Palmdale, CA


  • Undergraduate
  • Bachelor degree holders
  • Master degree holders
  • Ph.D. holders
  • Teaching Certification
  • Professional Certificate
  • Background checks
  • Tutoring experience
  • Continuous education
  • FrogTutoring verification certification

Palmdale, CA CFA Tutoring Rates


  • Price range from $37/hr - $65/hr
  • Rates vary based on the type of tutoring, methods used, and the number of hours required.
  • Contact our enrollment team to receive your personalized rate.

Tutoring Methods of Our Private Tutors In Palmdale, CA


  • In-person/in-home tutoring
  • Online tutoring
  • One-on-one tutoring
  • Group lessons tutoring.

Tools We Use For Online CFA Tutoring


  • Zoom
  • FrogTutoring custom online tutoring platform
  • The Lesson space

Our CFA Clientele In Palmdale, CA


  • High school students
  • Middle school students
  • College students
  • Adults
  • Special needs students

Tutoring Locations For CFA In Palmdale, CA


  • Student homes
  • Public Libraries
  • Palmdale neighborhoods and suburbs

Sign up now for our one-on-one private CFA tutoring in Palmdale, CA


Palmdale, CA Tutoring FAQ

What are the benefits of private tutoring in Palmdale, CA?

Private tutoring in Palmdale, CA offers personalized attention, customized learning plans, and flexible scheduling. Students can improve in specific subject areas, prep for standardized tests, and become more confident learners. Tutoring services like FrogTutoring facilitate academic growth by aligning with individual learning styles and pacing.

How do I find a qualified tutor in Palmdale, CA?

To find a qualified tutor in Palmdale, CA, check for educational background, teaching experience, and subject-matter expertise. Platforms like FrogTutoring vet their tutors for these qualifications and also match them based on your specific needs and goals, making it easier for you to find an ideal tutor.

What subjects can I get tutored in Palmdale, CA?

In Palmdale, CA, you can find tutoring for a wide range of subjects including mathematics, science, English, foreign languages, and more. FrogTutoring offers tutoring in these subjects and tailors the sessions to the student's curriculum and learning objectives.

Is online tutoring available in Palmdale, CA?

Yes, online tutoring is available in Palmdale, CA. Many services, including FrogTutoring, offer virtual sessions where students can learn from the comfort of their own home. Online tutoring provides convenience, access to a broader range of tutors, and often, more scheduling flexibility.

How much does tutoring cost in Palmdale, CA?

The cost of tutoring in Palmdale, CA varies based on the subject, tutor's experience, and session length. FrogTutoring provides competitive rates and packages to fit different budgets, ensuring that students can access quality tutoring without financial strain.

Can I get homework help with a tutor in Palmdale, CA?

Yes, homework help is a common reason students seek tutoring in Palmdale, CA. Tutors can assist with understanding concepts, completing assignments, and improving study skills. Services like FrogTutoring offer dedicated homework help to guide students through challenging tasks.

Are there SAT or ACT prep tutors in Palmdale, CA?

SAT and ACT prep tutors are indeed available in Palmdale, CA. These professionals specialize in test-taking strategies and content review. FrogTutoring provides tailored prep programs for these exams, helping students boost their scores and preparing them for college admissions.

Can tutoring help with learning disabilities in Palmdale, CA?

Tutoring can be very beneficial for students with learning disabilities in Palmdale, CA. Specialized tutors use tailored strategies to work with diverse learning needs, ensuring each student's success. FrogTutoring offers tutors trained to support students with learning challenges, fostering a positive and effective learning environment.

How long does a typical tutoring session last in Palmdale, CA?

A typical tutoring session in Palmdale, CA generally lasts between 1 to 2 hours, depending on the student's age, concentration ability, and the complexity of the material. FrogTutoring allows clients to choose session lengths that work best for their schedules and learning objectives.

What is the average improvement with tutoring in Palmdale, CA?

The average improvement with tutoring in Palmdale, CA can vary widely based on the student, subject, and frequency of sessions. However, many students experience significant progress. FrogTutoring reports improvements in grades, test scores, and confidence as a direct result of their personalized tutoring approach.

CFA FAQ

What is CFA tutoring?

CFA tutoring refers to personalized coaching provided by experienced instructors to individuals preparing for the CFA (Chartered Financial Analyst) exams. This specialized tutoring is designed to help candidates understand complex financial concepts, improve their study strategies, and increase their chances of passing the rigorous CFA exams.

How does CFA tutoring improve exam success?

CFA tutoring improves exam success by offering tailored guidance based on the candidate's strengths and weaknesses, providing clear explanations of difficult concepts, giving access to a wealth of practice questions and mock exams, and enhancing time management and test-taking skills to boost confidence and performance on exam day.

Can CFA tutoring be done online?

Yes, CFA tutoring can be conducted online. Many tutoring services offer virtual sessions using video conferencing platforms. Online CFA tutoring provides flexibility, allowing students to learn from anywhere while still receiving personalized instruction and support.

What topics are covered in CFA tutoring?

CFA tutoring covers a broad range of topics, including quantitative methods, economics, financial reporting and analysis, corporate finance, equity investments, fixed income, derivatives, alternative investments, portfolio management, and ethics. These areas constitute the CFA exam curriculum.

How long do candidates typically require CFA tutoring?

The duration of CFA tutoring varies depending on the candidate's background knowledge, learning pace, and the level of the CFA exam they are preparing for. On average, candidates might engage in several months of tutoring, aligning their sessions with their personal study schedule and exam date.

Common Questions on CFA Tutors

What qualifications should I look for in a CFA tutor?

When selecting a CFA tutor, you should look for someone who not only holds the CFA designation but also has a strong teaching background. It's essential they have a deep understanding of the CFA exam content and structure, experience with the type of questions you'll face, and can tailor their tutoring approach to your individual learning style. Effective communication skills and a track record of successfully helping students pass the CFA exams are also crucial. To find a qualified CFA tutor, you can click [here] to request a tutor or learn more about our services. $('#popup').arcticmodal();

How can a CFA tutor help me pass the exam?

A CFA tutor can provide you with one-on-one personalized coaching, ensuring that you understand complex concepts and their applications. They can help you create an effective study plan, provide resources, practice questions, and mock exams to prepare you thoroughly. Additionally, a tutor will offer strategies for exam-taking and time management, which are critical on exam day. Your chances of passing the CFA exam can significantly improve with the support and guidance of a specialized tutor. Ready to boost your exam preparation? Click [here] to request a tutor or learn more about our services. $('#popup').arcticmodal();

How often should I meet with my CFA tutor?

The frequency of sessions with your CFA tutor will depend on various factors like your starting knowledge level, the complexity of areas you're tackling, and how soon you're planning to take the CFA exam. Most students find meeting multiple times per week leading up to the exam to be beneficial. However, you and your tutor can work together to determine a schedule that suits your specific needs and goals. Want to set up a personalized study plan with a professional tutor? Click [here] to request a tutor or learn more about our services. $('#popup').arcticmodal();

What is the average cost of CFA tutoring?

The cost of CFA tutoring can vary based on the tutor's qualifications, experience level, and the market demand. Rates can also vary based on geography and whether the sessions are in-person or online. Given these factors, hourly rates can range widely. To get more specific information about pricing and to find a CFA tutor within your budget, please click [here] to request a tutor or learn more about our services. $('#popup').arcticmodal();

Is online CFA tutoring as effective as in-person tutoring?

Yes, online CFA tutoring can be just as effective as in-person tutoring, especially with today's technological advances facilitating interactive learning experiences. Online tutoring offers flexibility, convenience, and access to a broader range of tutors regardless of location. It enables tutors to share resources and simulate exam conditions effectively. For more information about online CFA tutoring and to assess whether it's the right fit for you, click [here] to request a tutor or learn more about our services. $('#popup').arcticmodal();

Palmdale, CA Neighborhoods We Service

Nestled in the heart of the Antelope Valley, Palmdale, CA is a gem of the high desert, offering diverse neighborhoods each with their own unique charm and character. From the bustling activity of the city center to the serene, open spaces on the outskirts, Palmdale's neighborhoods cater to a variety of lifestyles, preferences, and needs. Here's a look at the various communities that make up this vibrant city:

  1. West Palmdale: Also known as the Rancho Vista area, this neighborhood is known for its upscale homes and beautifully manicured landscapes. Featuring the Rancho Vista Golf Course, West Palmdale provides recreational opportunities and a suburban feel amidst the desert backdrop.

  2. East Palmdale: East Palmdale is a growing community boasting a mix of residential and commercial developments. With a variety of housing options, from affordable apartments to single-family homes, this area has become a hub for people looking for value without compromising on amenities.

  3. Central Palmdale: The heart of the city, Central Palmdale is where the pulse of the community is most vibrant. The Palmdale Civic Center, Antelope Valley Mall, and Palmdale Regional Medical Center all call this area home, offering residents a convenient and lively urban experience.

  4. South Palmdale: Characterized by more established neighborhoods, South Palmdale offers mature landscaping and an array of housing styles. This part of the city includes Tompkins Elementary School and benefits from a strong sense of community.

  5. Anaverde: A newer development on the southwestern edge of Palmdale, Anaverde is a planned community with modern homes, green spaces, and hiking trails. It's perfect for those seeking an environmentally conscious lifestyle.

  6. Rancho Vista: Often regarded as part of West Palmdale, Rancho Vista is a prestigious community in its own right. It features higher-end homes set against the stunning backdrop of rolling hills and the California sky.

  7. Sun Village: Just east of Palmdale, Sun Village is known for its semi-rural atmosphere and larger lot sizes. It's an area that appeals to those who crave a quieter life closer to nature without straying too far from the conveniences of the city.

  8. Ritter Ranch: Situated in the western part of Palmdale, Ritter Ranch combines the appeal of suburban living with the beauty of natural surroundings. It's a retreat for those looking to escape the faster pace of city life.

  9. Desert View Highlands: Located in the northwest corner of Palmdale, Desert View Highlands is a community that prides itself on panoramic desert views and a peaceful environment. It's an idyllic location for stargazing and embracing the tranquility of the high desert.

In addition to these distinctive neighborhoods, there are numerous other smaller communities and developments scattered throughout Palmdale, each adding to the rich tapestry of this dynamic city. From family-friendly parks and schools to a variety of shopping and dining options, the neighborhoods of Palmdale cater to a wide range of tastes and budgets, making it an ideal place to call home.

Whether you are a new resident, a prospective homebuyer, or simply exploring what Palmdale has to offer, each neighborhood presents its own slice of life in this unique and diverse city. From the action-packed central districts to the serene outskirts where the city meets the desert, Palmdale is a place where everyone can find their perfect spot under the sun.

About Palmdale, CA And It’s Education Institutions

Palmdale, nestled in the northern reaches of Los Angeles County, is a city rich in history and culture, recognized for its striking natural landmarks such as the San Gabriel Mountains and the Antelope Valley. Founded in 1886, this vibrant city has seen notable development over the years and has an estimated population of over 150,000 residents, as of the most current data. Notable landmarks within Palmdale include the Antelope Valley Mall, the Palmdale Amphitheater for outdoor concerts, and the Joe Davies Heritage Airpark which showcases vintage aircrafts, encapsulating the city’s ties with aerospace history. Another local point of interest is the DryTown Water Park, a family-friendly destination offering relief and recreation during the hot desert summers.

The city of Palmdale is served by the Palmdale School District, Westside Union School District, and has a portion covered by the Keppel Union School District, establishing a strong foundation for K-12 education. Among the top-ranking public schools, Highland High School, and Quartz Hill High School stand out for their academic excellence. In terms of private education, Paraclete High School is one of the most reputable institutions, offering rigorous college preparatory courses. Moreover, Palmdale’s commitment to education is further evidenced by the availability of educational resources, such as libraries and learning centers like the Palmdale City Library and The South Antelope Valley Educational Services (SAVES), which provide students with additional support to enhance their learning experiences.

As of higher education, while there are no traditional universities located directly within Palmdale's city limits, Post-secondary educational services and opportunities are accessible to residents through satellite campuses like the University of Antelope Valley's Palmdale Learning Center and branches of the Antelope Valley College. These institutions afford students the ability to pursue various degree programs and vocational training close to home. Overall, Palmdale's commitment to education across all levels and its steady growth have positioned it as an attractive and forward-looking city within Southern California.

Students at These Palmdale, CA Schools Excel with Our Tutoring

Please be aware that while I can provide a list based on my latest information, actual rankings and school evaluations may vary and should be checked through official or local education resources for the most current data. Here's a sample of schools in Palmdale, California:

Our tutoring services have proudly supported the academic growth and development of students from numerous schools in Palmdale, CA. The following list represents a sample of both private and public institutions whose students have benefited from our tailored tutoring programs. Note that this is just a small selection and does not encompass all the excellent schools in the Palmdale area. We are committed to enhancing student success and offer our services to a diverse range of educational settings.

Highland High School Pete Knight High School Palmdale High School Eastside High School Quartz Hill High School Desert Willow Fine Arts, Science and Technology Magnet Academy Guidance Charter School Palmdale Aerospace Academy David G. Millen Intermediate The Palmdale Discovery Center Esperanza Elementary Anaverde Hills School Cottonwood Elementary Ocotillo Elementary Paraclete High School - A private Catholic high school offering college preparatory education. St. Mary's Catholic School - Another private institution providing Catholic education for elementary and middle school levels. Desert Sands Charter High School Shadow Hills Intermediate School Summerwind Elementary School Westside Union School District - They manage several schools within the Palmdale area.

Please note that these links are for reference purposes and to get more accurate information, it's best to visit the official school website or contact the school directly. The order in this list does not reflect any ranking or ratings of the schools.

About CFA & CFA Tutoring

The Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation is a prestigious certification for finance and investment professionals, which is conferred by the CFA Institute. This certification is globally recognized and is often pursued by individuals in the fields of investment management, financial analysis, and portfolio management, among others.

The CFA Program encompasses three levels—Level I, II, and III—which cover a wide range of topics in financial analysis, investment tools, asset valuation, portfolio management, and wealth planning. Each level has to be passed sequentially, and the exams focus on applying knowledge and understanding the complex analytical techniques and investment strategies.

Entities related to the CFA include the CFA Institute, which is responsible for administering the CFA exams and ensuring the continuing education of its members. Other related entities can comprise investment firms, banks, financial advisories, and educational institutions that offer CFA exam preparation courses or employ CFA charterholders.

Tutoring someone who struggles with the CFA curriculum requires strategic approaches. It's recommended to begin with a; deep understanding of the candidate's individual challenges and tailor a study plan that focuses on understanding fundamental concepts before progressing to more complex topics. Regular practice, especially on problem areas, and the use of various teaching aids such as flashcards, summaries, and practice questions can significantly help in the learning process.

Concepts in the CFA curriculum range from basic to highly complex. Common concepts include ethical and professional standards, quantitative methods (such as time value of money), economics, financial reporting and analysis, corporate finance, equity investments, fixed income, derivatives, alternative investments, portfolio management, and wealth planning.

The most difficult concepts vary from candidate to candidate, but they often include derivatives, alternative investments, and Level II and Level III's in-depth focus on application and analysis using various investment tools. Fixed income and portfolio management also pose significant challenges due to the depth of knowledge required and the complexity of investment strategies that must be understood and mastered.