Request Tutoring Info
Please enter name
Please enter email
Please enter phone
Please enter details
LEVITTOWN Chemistry Advance tutors

Book Top-Rated Chemistry Advance Tutors Near Me In LEVITTOWN, NY

Our LEVITTOWN Chemistry Advance tutors are top college students and graduates from local area universities. They have an average GPA of 3.5 or higher in their areas of tutoring specialization. At Frog Tutoring, we work with students in all grade levels and our LEVITTOWN private Chemistry Advance tutors provide customized one on one in-home tutoring through our proven three step approach to academic success.

1.Bring student up to speed by reviewing past work to ensure they are not missing any important concepts that might affect their abilities to learn future lessons. 2. Keep student ahead of the class by using the teachers lesson plan, textbook, and online curriculum to cover lessons before it is taught in class. 2. Reinforce key concepts they might have missed. This ensures they will never be behind again. Your tutor will also help with organization, study skills, and note taking strategies.
Your LEVITTOWN area Chemistry Advance tutor will also track student progress through detailed session reports which will be available to you at the end of each tutoring session. If it is okay with you, your tutor will contact your child's teacher, for K-12, to get a more detailed understanding of what they are struggling with and also to make sure that he/she and the teacher are both on the same page in their approach to tackling the problem.

Browse our list of qualified Chemistry Advance tutors below. If you are in need of an Chemistry Advance tutor in LEVITTOWN, please call us or simply go to the tab above and Request a Tutor and let us help provide the understanding and assistance needed for success.

Read more... Read less
cnn cbs boston miami fox news

List of High-Achieving Chemistry Advance Tutors Near Me In LEVITTOWN, NY For In-Person & Online Tutoring


How it works

tutors, tutoring, tutoring service, tutoring services, homework help, private tutors, home tutors

Request any tutor by submitting a form

tutors, tutoring, tutoring service, tutoring services, homework help, private tutors, home tutors

Speak with our enrollment advisor to get your questions answered

tutors, tutoring, tutoring service, tutoring services, homework help, private tutors, home tutors

Get connected with your private in-person or online tutor

Our Students and Parents Love Us
as Much as We Love Them

">
TA
Knowledge
Presentation

Alex has thoroughly enjoyed the sessions and found them to be very helpful. I am really happy with the feedback and the communication. Wouldn't hesitate to recommend.

">
JY
Knowledge
Presentation

Rosemary was super helpful going over some of the concepts that were tricky, and helped explain the content well.

">
HM
Knowledge
Presentation

Super helpful and willing to adjust to my learning habits. I really enjoy our time working together as the preparation from her end is very noticeable and appreciated.

">
LC
Knowledge
Presentation

Great tutoring session!

">
JC
Knowledge
Presentation

Sarah is our 5th tutor we have used on Frog tutoring. In just one short month of tutoring my child with ADHD, she has improved his math grade from a C to an A-!! We are so happy for the progress our child has made with Sarah’s help, and we will definitely continue to use her as our child’s...

">
JL
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}The sessions are going well and I am understanding the material . The information is clear , which I love.

">
RG
Knowledge
Presentation

Overall, AJ was absolutely amazing. I didn’t understand almost anything in physics and he made it seem like elementary grade stuff, overall was amazing and I will miss him

">
KB
Knowledge
Presentation

Ali is an amazing tutor always willing to help me on my school assignments and is a very down-to-earth person.

">
JD
Knowledge
Presentation

good tutor

">
KB
Knowledge
Presentation

Looking forward to meeting you.

">
AN
Knowledge
Presentation

Joyce has been great in helping me review topics for the NCLEX

">
SM
Knowledge
Presentation

Ryan in very knowledgeable on the topics I was needing help with. He is professional and works around your schedule. The best tutor I have had on frog tutoring.

">
RW
Knowledge
Presentation

Good tutor

">
RW
Knowledge
Presentation

Never partnered so unable to rate accurately but frog tutors are great so why not give a 5

">
OS
Knowledge
Presentation

patient and knowledgeable

">
Dm
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}Hayeon Lee is fantastic !
Very knowledgeable and wonderful to work with.
She is kind and is very easy to learn from.
Thank you for finding her.
We have another session Tuesday but I have to reschedule
Perhaps Wednesday?

">
DY
Knowledge
Presentation

Very encouraging and funny. He makes learning fun and teaches in a very simple, easy way to understand.

">
MP
Knowledge
Presentation

Pamela is wonderful! She's the perfect fit for my son! She's very engaging and makes tutoring fun for him

">
HB
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}
Vince is very happy with this tutor.

">
RF
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}Jaelynn Cafourek's accomplished computer skills and college training make her a very valuable asset to those who need a professional with their studies.I highly recommend her and her excellent attitude, and clear ability to connect with others and their specific learning...

">
JS
Knowledge
Presentation

Carolle is an excellent tutor. She explains things well, sends me frequent reminders of what I learned during the week, and is altogether a pleasure

">
DR
Knowledge
Presentation

Jeff was extremely knowledgeable and helpful. Deep industry knowledge in running in investment firm and very solid resource. Thank you!

">
MV
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}
Joyce is very knowledgeable and helpful.

">
TS
Knowledge
Presentation

A very smart individual, has great knowledge to cover the stuff needed based off your preference.

">
RF
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}Craig has been a big help with helping me learn how to use the internet, navigate a job search and I have learned quite a bit in a shot time.

">
DY
Knowledge
Presentation

Makes learing fun!

">
OT
Knowledge
Presentation

Matthew and I concentrated on financial statements in my CFA Level 1 curriculum. He was extremely knowledgeable and, with his own industry experience, he was very effective at providing real-life examples that made it easier to understand the concepts.

">
Ma
Knowledge
Presentation

He is a great tutor. He knows the topics very well and explains them easily. My only complaint is that his handwriting is somewhat messy. All in all, he is a great SAT tutor for English and math.

">
MB
Knowledge
Presentation

Awesome! he and my son work great together! My Son won't work with anyone else.

">
IB
Knowledge
Presentation

Gurleen is AMAZING!!!!!! She is the best tutor you will find on here. She is very knowledgeable on chemistry and will help you work through so many problems despite them being very challenging. Gurleen helps with retaining the knowledge and provides notes and practice problems as well. if you need...

">
RH
Knowledge
Presentation

Dana is very knwoedgable, especially with anatomy. I was a earning around an 80-84 percent(C) in my medical program exams. With Dana's assistance and vast knowledge in this subject I have passed a written exam AND a practical with a 92(A)!!! Dana positively encourages/challenges her students...

">
LC
Knowledge
Presentation

Sunita Woodcheke has not only demonstrated an extraordinary commitment to my child's academic progress but has also exhibited remarkable patience, enthusiasm, and expertise in their teaching approach. Through personalized lessons and tailored guidance Sunita has fostered a supportive learning...

">
SM
Knowledge
Presentation

Kevin is knowledgeable about math, and he knows how to teach. I’m very rusty on my skills, but he’s been nothing but patient with me. He absorbs my weaknesses and focuses on what I need help with. I appreciate all he’s done so far.

">
TG
Knowledge
Presentation

McKenna has done a great job of working with my daughter on geometry.

">
TM
Knowledge
Presentation

school rating and grades improved.

">
NC
Knowledge
Presentation

I am so happy with this tutoring, my son is engaged all the time. He loves to work in the computer and the activities that they do during the tutoring. She used many different way and form in order to keep him engaged.

">
EC
Knowledge
Presentation

Annie is great!!!!

">
EC
Knowledge
Presentation

Madi is fantastic!!

">
NT
Knowledge
Presentation

I don't sit next to my 9yo during sessions, and this is the first time I ever used a tutor. I can tell you that using a tutor eliminates all the fighting and whining from my kid about doing homework which makes me very happy. They get a lot done during an hour. The tutor is focused, prepared,...

">
PM
Knowledge
Presentation

Fabulous. Olivia is engaging, knowledgeable, and a delight to work with. Highly recommend. Always punctual. Always reliable. Always helpful. Competent with both homework help and direct instruction.

">
CH
Knowledge
Presentation

Extremely knowledgeable and gave direct examples of certain concepts I had trouble with. He also helped assess some of the specific terminology that I need to look for on the exam.

">
TG
Knowledge
Presentation

Chigbo explains concepts in a way that makes it easy to understand. My daughter's understanding and confidence had a real boost in just two days.

">
JE
Knowledge
Presentation

Matthew was very knowledgable in the CFP topics and is very flexible with his ability to review materials and go through the questioning.

">
KK
Knowledge
Presentation

Ivan is absolutely amazing with his knowledge, He is my tutor for college level pre-calculus and I can confidently say that I would not be able to get through my class without ivans help with the class material. He has great patience and will explain and walk you through each problem until you need...

">
AC
Knowledge
Presentation

Very encouraging and goes at a good pace which has been immensely beneficial. Very punctual, there's never been any issues with scheduling. Overall, I have been enjoying my sessions and I look forward to more as he helps me prepare for my ACT.

">
CP
Knowledge
Presentation

Taitana Has tutored my daughter in math and english, she has my daughter think differently in problem solving and expanded her vocabulary. She never gives you the answer but helps you solve a problem together for my daughter to understand why the problem or word is not correct. Will request her...

">
NB
Knowledge
Presentation

So far so good

">
ER
Knowledge
Presentation

Very encouraging, and I enjoy working with her

">
CO
Knowledge
Presentation

My son has been with Barjeana for a few sessions now and loves her! She is so knowledgeable and patient. Best of all she makes the sessions fun and interactive. He struggles with focus, but she keeps him engaged in the session and on track. He looks forward to his tutoring with Ms. Barjeana. ...

">
IB
Knowledge
Presentation

He was great and very knowledgeable on the subject of chemistry, however there was a language barrier

Qualification and Certification of Chemistry Advance Tutors Near Me In LEVITTOWN, NY


  • Undergraduate
  • Bachelor degree holders
  • Master degree holders
  • Ph.D. holders
  • Teaching Certification
  • Professional Certificate
  • Background checks
  • Tutoring experience
  • Continuous education
  • FrogTutoring verification certification

LEVITTOWN, NY Chemistry Advance Tutoring Rates


  • Price range from $37/hr - $65/hr
  • Rates vary based on the type of tutoring, methods used, and the number of hours required.
  • Contact our enrollment team to receive your personalized rate.

Tutoring Methods of Our Private Tutors In LEVITTOWN, NY


  • In-person/in-home tutoring
  • Online tutoring
  • One-on-one tutoring
  • Group lessons tutoring.

Tools We Use For Online Chemistry Advance Tutoring


  • Zoom
  • FrogTutoring custom online tutoring platform
  • The Lesson space

Our Chemistry Advance Clientele In LEVITTOWN, NY


  • High school students
  • Middle school students
  • College students
  • Adults
  • Special needs students

Tutoring Locations For Chemistry Advance In LEVITTOWN, NY


  • Student homes
  • Public Libraries
  • LEVITTOWN neighborhoods and suburbs

Sign up now for our one-on-one private Chemistry Advance tutoring in LEVITTOWN, NY


LEVITTOWN, NY Tutoring FAQ

What are the benefits of personalized tutoring in Levittown, NY?

Personalized tutoring in Levittown, NY provides students with one-on-one attention and customized learning plans that cater to their individual needs. This approach can lead to improved understanding of subjects, higher grades, and increased confidence in academics. Tutors, such as those from FrogTutoring, closely track progress and adjust teaching strategies to maximize learning efficiency.

How can I find a qualified tutor for math in Levittown, NY?

Finding a qualified math tutor in Levittown, NY involves researching local tutoring services, checking credentials, and reading reviews. For convenience and assurance of quality, you can connect with FrogTutoring, which offers a selection of thoroughly vetted and experienced math tutors who specialize in providing personalized and effective instruction.

Are there tutoring services in Levittown, NY for SAT and ACT preparation?

Yes, there are tutoring services in Levittown, NY that specialize in SAT and ACT preparation. These services offer tailored lesson plans, practice tests, and strategic coaching to help students improve their scores. FrogTutoring is a reliable option that provides expert tutors to help students excel in these critical exams.

Can tutoring help with learning disabilities in Levittown, NY?

Tutoring can be highly beneficial for students with learning disabilities in Levittown, NY. Specialized tutors, like those at FrogTutoring, are trained to employ strategies that cater to different learning styles and challenges, enabling students to overcome obstacles and achieve academic success in a supportive environment.

What subjects are covered by tutors in Levittown, NY?

Tutors in Levittown, NY cover a wide range of subjects from K-12 to college level, including math, science, English, history, and foreign languages, among others. FrogTutoring, for instance, offers comprehensive tutoring services across various subjects, ensuring students receive the help they need in any area of study.

How much do tutoring sessions cost in Levittown, NY?

The cost of tutoring sessions in Levittown, NY varies depending on the subject matter, tutor's qualifications, and tutoring service provider. However, with FrogTutoring, students can find affordable and competitive pricing options, along with package deals that offer additional value and flexibility to fit different budgets.

Chemistry Advance FAQ

What are the key topics covered in advanced chemistry tutoring?

Advanced chemistry tutoring covers a variety of complex topics, including but not limited to organic reactions and mechanisms, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, quantum chemistry, spectroscopy, and advanced analytical techniques. The focus is on deepening understanding of chemical concepts, enhancing laboratory skills, and preparing for higher education or professional exams in chemistry.

How can advanced chemistry tutoring help improve my grades?

Advanced chemistry tutoring can help improve your grades by providing personalized attention, clarifying difficult concepts, offering additional practice problems, and teaching effective study strategies. Tutors can also assist with homework, lab reports, and exam preparation, tailoring lessons to your specific needs and learning style.

What qualifications should an advanced chemistry tutor have?

An advanced chemistry tutor should have a strong background in chemistry, typically evidenced by at least a bachelor's degree in the subject. They should also possess a thorough understanding of advanced chemistry topics, relevant teaching experience, and the ability to communicate complex ideas clearly and patiently. Often, the best tutors also have a record of academic excellence or professional expertise in chemistry-related fields.

Can online tutoring be as effective as in-person tutoring for advanced chemistry?

Yes, online tutoring can be just as effective as in-person tutoring for advanced chemistry, thanks to interactive platforms that facilitate live communication, digital whiteboards, and screen sharing. Online tutors can offer flexible scheduling, immediate feedback, and access to a wide range of digital resources, making it a convenient and efficient option for many students.

How does advanced chemistry tutoring prepare students for college-level chemistry?

Advanced chemistry tutoring prepares students for college-level chemistry by reinforcing foundational knowledge, teaching college-level material, and developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Tutors can also familiarize students with the pace and rigor of college courses, ultimately easing the transition and building confidence for university studies.

Common Questions on Chemistry Advance Tutors

What topics do advanced chemistry tutors cover?

Advanced chemistry tutors cover a wide range of specialized topics including organic chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and inorganic chemistry. They may also teach specialized sub-disciplines such as electrochemistry, thermochemistry, quantum chemistry, and chemical kinetics. These tutors are well-versed in helping with lab techniques, complex problem-solving, and preparing for advanced exams. Ready to dive deeper into the world of chemistry? Click on the link to request a tutor or learn more about our services. Request a Tutor

How can an advanced chemistry tutor help me improve my grades?

An advanced chemistry tutor can help improve your grades by offering personalized instruction tailored to your learning style and academic needs. They can provide in-depth explanations of complex concepts, practice problems, and test-taking strategies. Additionally, they can assist with homework, lab reports, and exam preparation to reinforce understanding and enhance performance. Are you ready to boost your chemistry grades? Click on the link to request a tutor or learn more about our services. Get Tutored Today

Is online tutoring effective for advanced chemistry courses?

Yes, online tutoring can be highly effective for advanced chemistry courses. It offers flexibility, access to a broader range of tutors with specialized expertise, and the convenience of learning from home. With the use of digital tools and resources, online tutors can effectively communicate complex diagrams, chemical structures, and reaction mechanisms. Want to experience the benefits of online chemistry tutoring? Click on the link to request a tutor or learn more about our services. Start Learning Online

How do I choose the right advanced chemistry tutor for me?

Choosing the right advanced chemistry tutor involves considering several factors, such as the tutor's qualifications, experience, and teaching style. Look for tutors with a strong educational background in chemistry and a proven track record of helping students succeed. Additionally, it's important to find a tutor whose teaching style matches your learning preferences and who can adapt to your academic goals. Need help finding the right tutor? Click on the link to request a tutor or learn more about our services. Find Your Tutor

What should I expect from my first session with an advanced chemistry tutor?

In your first session with an advanced chemistry tutor, you can expect to discuss your academic goals, previous knowledge, and areas of difficulty. The tutor may also assess your current understanding of the material to tailor future lessons accordingly. Be prepared to ask questions and engage in a few introductory exercises. It's a great opportunity to set the tone for your tutoring relationship and establish a roadmap for success. Ready for a transformative learning experience? Click on the link to request a tutor or learn more about our services. Begin Your Journey

LEVITTOWN, NY Neighborhoods We Service

Levittown, New York, is a hamlet and a census-designated place in Nassau County, Long Island, and is known for being the prototypical American suburb, originally designed and constructed by Levitt & Sons. This iconic symbol of post-war suburbia doesn’t have "neighborhoods" in the traditional sense used in larger cities because it was planned as a single, large, suburban development. However, for the purpose of identification and among locals, there are sections often referred to as neighborhoods based on local designations, schools, or even park names.

These sections don’t have official recognition from the town government but can be considered as neighborhoods colloquially:

AB Section: This refers to the first houses built in Levittown, signifying the beginning of this massive suburban project. The AB encompasses the earliest homes that were designed for the returning WWII veterans and their families.

W-Section: Known for its winding roads and close-knit community, the W-section is another well-established area within Levittown.

Island Trees: Although this can refer to the overlapping community that borders Levittown, it is also a name commonly associated with a part of Levittown which is home to the Island Trees School District.

Forsythia Gate: Named after the forsythia flower, this part of Levittown blooms beautifully in the spring and is marked by homes displaying Levittown's architectural history.

Bluegrass Lane: One of the many street names within Levittown that residents sometimes use to identify their particular area. Streets with thematic names grouped together often foster a sense of community and identity.

Despite these colloquial designations, it’s important to understand that Levittown itself functions as one large, cohesive community. The hamlet is often celebrated for its pioneering role in creating the American suburb, its associated lifestyle, and uniquely American communal identity, which transcends these informal neighborhood distinctions.

Levittown is laid out in a very unique pattern, with curving streets that largely prevent through-traffic, anchoring in green backyards and small local parks that serve as the heart of each section. Today, Levittown’s mostly Capes and Ranches tell a story of post-war optimism, a pattern of living that inspired countless suburbs across the country.

What truly unites these sections of Levittown are the excellent amenities shared by all residents such as community pools, playgrounds, and vast shopping centers, as well as the celebrated local school districts, including Levittown Public Schools and Island Trees School District.

The spirit of community is strong in this pioneering suburb, and no matter which part of Levittown you find yourself in, you'll be greeted by neighbors who share a common pride in being part of a living piece of American history.

About LEVITTOWN, NY And It’s Education Institutions

Levittown, New York, often recognized as the archetype of postwar suburbs, stands as a living testament to the American Dream of the mid-20th century. Founded in 1947 by William Levitt of Levitt & Sons, Levittown was constructed as an affordable community for World War II veterans and their families. As the nation's first mass-produced suburb, it promised a new lifestyle away from the city bustle, its streets lined with similar Cape Cod and ranch-style homes. With a current population of approximately 52,000 residents, Levittown maintains a unique place in American history, embracing its postwar past while moving forward into the 21st century. Notable landmarks that remain a testament to its heritage include the Levittown Historical Museum, which tells the story of the town's development and impact on American culture.

Education is a cornerstone of the Levittown community, with the Levittown Union Free School District (Levittown UFSD) serving as the primary public school district for the area's students. Top-ranked public K-12 schools in the city include Division Avenue High School and General Douglas MacArthur Senior High School, both known for their strong academic programs and extracurricular activities. Many education resources are available to students beyond the traditional classroom setting, including the Levittown Public Library, which offers a plethora of learning materials, computer access, and programs for all ages. There are no universities within Levittown itself, but nearby institutions like Hofstra University and Nassau Community College provide higher education opportunities for Levittown residents.

The neighborhoods of Levittown are characterized by their tree-lined streets, parks, and a suburban layout promoting community living. Throughout the past decades, Levittown has evolved with its population becoming more diverse while maintaining a strong sense of community pride. The educational landscape reflects this shift, demonstrating a commitment to accommodating a myriad of learning needs and styles. Although Levittown doesn't boast its own universities, its close proximity to New York City and other urban centers makes it an ideal location for residents pursuing tertiary education opportunities. As Levittown looks to the future, it retains the vision of its founders to provide a thriving community grounded in its rich history, educational resources, and neighborly ethos.

Students at These LEVITTOWN, NY Schools Excel with Our Tutoring

Below is a sample list of some top schools in Levittown, NY, encompassing both private and public institutions. Students from these schools have greatly benefited from our tutoring services. While this list is not exhaustive, it provides a snapshot of the diverse educational offerings in Levittown from which our tutees have been drawn.

Public Schools:

Division Avenue High School: A reputable public high school offering a rigorous curriculum and a range of extracurricular activities.

MacArthur High School: Known for its strong academic programs and commitment to student success.

Jonas E. Salk Middle School: Provides a nurturing environment for young adolescents to thrive academically and socially.

Wisdom Lane Middle School: Focuses on comprehensive education, fostering both intellectual and personal growth.

Lee Road Elementary School: Offers a supportive learning environment for elementary-age children.

East Broadway Elementary School: Emphasizes a well-rounded elementary education, from academics to the arts.

Gardiners Avenue Elementary School: A close-knit community school with a focus on developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Summit Lane Elementary School: Strives to create a strong foundation for lifelong learning in young students.

Abbey Lane Elementary School: A school that prioritizes academic excellence and character building.

Northside Elementary School: Encourages a love for learning and a sense of responsibility among its students.

Private Schools:

Maria Regina School: A private Catholic school with a reputation for providing high-quality, faith-based education.

St. Bernard's School: Offers a private Catholic education with a focus on academic and spiritual development.

Miss Sue's Nursery School: A private early childhood education center dedicated to fostering creativity and social skills.

Holy Family School: A private Catholic school providing an enriching educational experience with a focus on values and community.

It's important to note that the availability of websites for some schools may vary, and due to changes in school administration and web presence, some URLs may be updated over time.

About Chemistry Advance & Chemistry Advance Tutoring

Chemistry Advance refers to the in-depth study and understanding of chemical processes, structures, and properties at a higher level beyond the introductory or basic understanding of the subject. This entails exploring the theoretical underpinnings of chemical reactions, the intricacies of molecular geometry, the electronic structure of atoms and molecules, advanced spectroscopy, as well as understanding the principles and applications of physical, organic, inorganic, analytical, and biochemistry.

Among the types of advanced chemistry are physical chemistry, which focuses on the physical properties and dynamics of chemical substances; organic chemistry, which deals with the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds; inorganic chemistry, examining inorganic compounds and metals; analytical chemistry, involving the techniques and methods used for substance analysis and separation; and biochemistry, which bridges the gap between biology and chemistry, concentrating on chemical processes in living organisms.

Entities related to Chemistry Advance include educational institutions that offer advanced courses, research institutes focusing on chemical research, chemical industries driving advancements with practical applications, and professional societies that foster the field's growth by hosting conferences and publishing research papers.

Tutoring someone who struggles with Chemistry Advance would entail employing a strategy that builds on their existing knowledge while solidifying foundational concepts. Starting with basic principles and progressively moving to more complex ideas can be beneficial. The use of visualization tools like molecular models and diagrams, coupled with real-world examples, can enhance understanding by making abstract concepts more tangible. Regular practice through problem-solving, active engagement with the material, and fostering a questioning mind-set can also greatly aid in comprehension.

The most common concepts in advanced chemistry include reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry, complex chemical equilibria, quantum chemistry, thermodynamics, kinetic theory, and the use of analytical instruments like NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry. On the other hand, the most difficult concepts may include understanding the quantum mechanical model of atoms, predicting reaction outcomes and pathways in both organic and inorganic chemistry, and mastering the principles and applications of spectroscopy and chromatography.

Overall, advanced proficiency in chemistry requires not only memorization of facts but also the application of critical thinking and problem-solving skills to navigate the discipline's complexities. With dedication and the right learning strategy, even individuals who struggle with chemistry can achieve a comprehensive understanding of the scientific principles underlying the behavior of matter.