Request Tutoring Info
Please enter name
Please enter email
Please enter phone
Please enter details
Little Neck Pre Calculus tutors

Book Top-Rated Pre Calculus Tutors Near Me In Little Neck, NY

Our Little Neck Pre Calculus tutors are top college students and graduates from local area universities. They have an average GPA of 3.5 or higher in their areas of tutoring specialization. At Frog Tutoring, we work with students in all grade levels and our Little Neck private Pre Calculus tutors provide customized one on one in-home tutoring through our proven three step approach to academic success.

1.Bring student up to speed by reviewing past work to ensure they are not missing any important concepts that might affect their abilities to learn future lessons. 2. Keep student ahead of the class by using the teachers lesson plan, textbook, and online curriculum to cover lessons before it is taught in class. 2. Reinforce key concepts they might have missed. This ensures they will never be behind again. Your tutor will also help with organization, study skills, and note taking strategies.
Your Little Neck area Pre Calculus tutor will also track student progress through detailed session reports which will be available to you at the end of each tutoring session. If it is okay with you, your tutor will contact your child's teacher, for K-12, to get a more detailed understanding of what they are struggling with and also to make sure that he/she and the teacher are both on the same page in their approach to tackling the problem.

Browse our list of qualified Pre Calculus tutors below. If you are in need of an Pre Calculus tutor in Little Neck, please call us or simply go to the tab above and Request a Tutor and let us help provide the understanding and assistance needed for success.

Read more... Read less
cnn cbs boston miami fox news

List of High-Achieving Pre Calculus Tutors Near Me In Little Neck, NY For In-Person & Online Tutoring


How it works

tutors, tutoring, tutoring service, tutoring services, homework help, private tutors, home tutors

Request any tutor by submitting a form

tutors, tutoring, tutoring service, tutoring services, homework help, private tutors, home tutors

Speak with our enrollment advisor to get your questions answered

tutors, tutoring, tutoring service, tutoring services, homework help, private tutors, home tutors

Get connected with your private in-person or online tutor

Our Students and Parents Love Us
as Much as We Love Them

">
TA
Knowledge
Presentation

Alex has thoroughly enjoyed the sessions and found them to be very helpful. I am really happy with the feedback and the communication. Wouldn't hesitate to recommend.

">
JY
Knowledge
Presentation

Rosemary was super helpful going over some of the concepts that were tricky, and helped explain the content well.

">
HM
Knowledge
Presentation

Super helpful and willing to adjust to my learning habits. I really enjoy our time working together as the preparation from her end is very noticeable and appreciated.

">
LC
Knowledge
Presentation

Great tutoring session!

">
JC
Knowledge
Presentation

Sarah is our 5th tutor we have used on Frog tutoring. In just one short month of tutoring my child with ADHD, she has improved his math grade from a C to an A-!! We are so happy for the progress our child has made with Sarah’s help, and we will definitely continue to use her as our child’s...

">
JL
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}The sessions are going well and I am understanding the material . The information is clear , which I love.

">
RG
Knowledge
Presentation

Overall, AJ was absolutely amazing. I didn’t understand almost anything in physics and he made it seem like elementary grade stuff, overall was amazing and I will miss him

">
KB
Knowledge
Presentation

Ali is an amazing tutor always willing to help me on my school assignments and is a very down-to-earth person.

">
JD
Knowledge
Presentation

good tutor

">
KB
Knowledge
Presentation

Looking forward to meeting you.

">
AN
Knowledge
Presentation

Joyce has been great in helping me review topics for the NCLEX

">
SM
Knowledge
Presentation

Ryan in very knowledgeable on the topics I was needing help with. He is professional and works around your schedule. The best tutor I have had on frog tutoring.

">
RW
Knowledge
Presentation

Good tutor

">
RW
Knowledge
Presentation

Never partnered so unable to rate accurately but frog tutors are great so why not give a 5

">
OS
Knowledge
Presentation

patient and knowledgeable

">
Dm
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}Hayeon Lee is fantastic !
Very knowledgeable and wonderful to work with.
She is kind and is very easy to learn from.
Thank you for finding her.
We have another session Tuesday but I have to reschedule
Perhaps Wednesday?

">
DY
Knowledge
Presentation

Very encouraging and funny. He makes learning fun and teaches in a very simple, easy way to understand.

">
MP
Knowledge
Presentation

Pamela is wonderful! She's the perfect fit for my son! She's very engaging and makes tutoring fun for him

">
HB
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}
Vince is very happy with this tutor.

">
RF
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}Jaelynn Cafourek's accomplished computer skills and college training make her a very valuable asset to those who need a professional with their studies.I highly recommend her and her excellent attitude, and clear ability to connect with others and their specific learning...

">
JS
Knowledge
Presentation

Carolle is an excellent tutor. She explains things well, sends me frequent reminders of what I learned during the week, and is altogether a pleasure

">
DR
Knowledge
Presentation

Jeff was extremely knowledgeable and helpful. Deep industry knowledge in running in investment firm and very solid resource. Thank you!

">
MV
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}
Joyce is very knowledgeable and helpful.

">
TS
Knowledge
Presentation

A very smart individual, has great knowledge to cover the stuff needed based off your preference.

">
RF
Knowledge
Presentation

{not commented yet}Craig has been a big help with helping me learn how to use the internet, navigate a job search and I have learned quite a bit in a shot time.

">
DY
Knowledge
Presentation

Makes learing fun!

">
OT
Knowledge
Presentation

Matthew and I concentrated on financial statements in my CFA Level 1 curriculum. He was extremely knowledgeable and, with his own industry experience, he was very effective at providing real-life examples that made it easier to understand the concepts.

">
Ma
Knowledge
Presentation

He is a great tutor. He knows the topics very well and explains them easily. My only complaint is that his handwriting is somewhat messy. All in all, he is a great SAT tutor for English and math.

">
MB
Knowledge
Presentation

Awesome! he and my son work great together! My Son won't work with anyone else.

">
IB
Knowledge
Presentation

Gurleen is AMAZING!!!!!! She is the best tutor you will find on here. She is very knowledgeable on chemistry and will help you work through so many problems despite them being very challenging. Gurleen helps with retaining the knowledge and provides notes and practice problems as well. if you need...

">
RH
Knowledge
Presentation

Dana is very knwoedgable, especially with anatomy. I was a earning around an 80-84 percent(C) in my medical program exams. With Dana's assistance and vast knowledge in this subject I have passed a written exam AND a practical with a 92(A)!!! Dana positively encourages/challenges her students...

">
LC
Knowledge
Presentation

Sunita Woodcheke has not only demonstrated an extraordinary commitment to my child's academic progress but has also exhibited remarkable patience, enthusiasm, and expertise in their teaching approach. Through personalized lessons and tailored guidance Sunita has fostered a supportive learning...

">
SM
Knowledge
Presentation

Kevin is knowledgeable about math, and he knows how to teach. I’m very rusty on my skills, but he’s been nothing but patient with me. He absorbs my weaknesses and focuses on what I need help with. I appreciate all he’s done so far.

">
TG
Knowledge
Presentation

McKenna has done a great job of working with my daughter on geometry.

">
TM
Knowledge
Presentation

school rating and grades improved.

">
NC
Knowledge
Presentation

I am so happy with this tutoring, my son is engaged all the time. He loves to work in the computer and the activities that they do during the tutoring. She used many different way and form in order to keep him engaged.

">
EC
Knowledge
Presentation

Annie is great!!!!

">
EC
Knowledge
Presentation

Madi is fantastic!!

">
NT
Knowledge
Presentation

I don't sit next to my 9yo during sessions, and this is the first time I ever used a tutor. I can tell you that using a tutor eliminates all the fighting and whining from my kid about doing homework which makes me very happy. They get a lot done during an hour. The tutor is focused, prepared,...

">
PM
Knowledge
Presentation

Fabulous. Olivia is engaging, knowledgeable, and a delight to work with. Highly recommend. Always punctual. Always reliable. Always helpful. Competent with both homework help and direct instruction.

">
CH
Knowledge
Presentation

Extremely knowledgeable and gave direct examples of certain concepts I had trouble with. He also helped assess some of the specific terminology that I need to look for on the exam.

">
TG
Knowledge
Presentation

Chigbo explains concepts in a way that makes it easy to understand. My daughter's understanding and confidence had a real boost in just two days.

">
JE
Knowledge
Presentation

Matthew was very knowledgable in the CFP topics and is very flexible with his ability to review materials and go through the questioning.

">
KK
Knowledge
Presentation

Ivan is absolutely amazing with his knowledge, He is my tutor for college level pre-calculus and I can confidently say that I would not be able to get through my class without ivans help with the class material. He has great patience and will explain and walk you through each problem until you need...

">
AC
Knowledge
Presentation

Very encouraging and goes at a good pace which has been immensely beneficial. Very punctual, there's never been any issues with scheduling. Overall, I have been enjoying my sessions and I look forward to more as he helps me prepare for my ACT.

">
CP
Knowledge
Presentation

Taitana Has tutored my daughter in math and english, she has my daughter think differently in problem solving and expanded her vocabulary. She never gives you the answer but helps you solve a problem together for my daughter to understand why the problem or word is not correct. Will request her...

">
NB
Knowledge
Presentation

So far so good

">
ER
Knowledge
Presentation

Very encouraging, and I enjoy working with her

">
CO
Knowledge
Presentation

My son has been with Barjeana for a few sessions now and loves her! She is so knowledgeable and patient. Best of all she makes the sessions fun and interactive. He struggles with focus, but she keeps him engaged in the session and on track. He looks forward to his tutoring with Ms. Barjeana. ...

">
IB
Knowledge
Presentation

He was great and very knowledgeable on the subject of chemistry, however there was a language barrier

Qualification and Certification of Pre Calculus Tutors Near Me In Little Neck, NY


  • Undergraduate
  • Bachelor degree holders
  • Master degree holders
  • Ph.D. holders
  • Teaching Certification
  • Professional Certificate
  • Background checks
  • Tutoring experience
  • Continuous education
  • FrogTutoring verification certification

Little Neck, NY Pre Calculus Tutoring Rates


  • Price range from $37/hr - $65/hr
  • Rates vary based on the type of tutoring, methods used, and the number of hours required.
  • Contact our enrollment team to receive your personalized rate.

Tutoring Methods of Our Private Tutors In Little Neck, NY


  • In-person/in-home tutoring
  • Online tutoring
  • One-on-one tutoring
  • Group lessons tutoring.

Tools We Use For Online Pre Calculus Tutoring


  • Zoom
  • FrogTutoring custom online tutoring platform
  • The Lesson space

Our Pre Calculus Clientele In Little Neck, NY


  • High school students
  • Middle school students
  • College students
  • Adults
  • Special needs students

Tutoring Locations For Pre Calculus In Little Neck, NY


  • Student homes
  • Public Libraries
  • Little Neck neighborhoods and suburbs

Sign up now for our one-on-one private Pre Calculus tutoring in Little Neck, NY


Little Neck, NY Tutoring FAQ

What are the options for private tutoring in Little Neck, NY?

Private tutoring in Little Neck, NY is abundant with options including one-on-one in-home sessions, online tutoring, and learning centers. FrogTutoring offers personalized, one-on-one tutoring plans to cater to individual learning styles and academic needs, ensuring students receive the focused attention they deserve to excel in their studies.

How do I find a qualified tutor in Little Neck, NY?

To find a qualified tutor in Little Neck, NY, consider using a reputable tutoring service like FrogTutoring that vets tutors for their expertise, academic background, and teaching skills. They offer a wide range of subjects and the flexibility to match you with a tutor who can meet your specific educational requirements.

What subjects can I get tutored in at Little Neck, NY?

Students in Little Neck, NY can receive tutoring in a variety of subjects including math, science, English, foreign languages, and test preparation. FrogTutoring covers all academic levels and subjects, offering tailored tutoring programs designed to help students succeed in their specific areas of need.

Are there any tutoring centers in Little Neck, NY that offer SAT prep?

Yes, there are tutoring centers in Little Neck, NY that offer SAT prep. FrogTutoring is one of them, providing comprehensive SAT preparation programs that include personalized instruction, practice tests, and strategies for mastering the exam to help students achieve their best possible score.

Can I find online tutoring services in Little Neck, NY?

Certainly! Online tutoring services are readily available in Little Neck, NY. FrogTutoring, for instance, offers convenient, flexible online tutoring sessions that allow students to learn from the comfort of their home while being supported by expert tutors using the latest teaching tools and technologies.

How much does tutoring cost in Little Neck, NY?

Tutoring costs in Little Neck, NY vary based on the subject, tutor's qualifications, and session length. FrogTutoring provides competitive rates and customized packages to fit different budgets, ensuring high-quality education is accessible for students at all levels.

What are the benefits of one-on-one tutoring in Little Neck, NY?

One-on-one tutoring in Little Neck, NY provides individualized attention, customized lesson plans, and a pace suited to the student's learning style. FrogTutoring excels in delivering one-on-one sessions that focus on the student's specific needs, helping to build confidence and improve academic performance effectively.

Is there homework help available in Little Neck, NY?

Yes, homework help is available in Little Neck, NY. Services like FrogTutoring offer support for students who need assistance with their daily assignments and projects, ensuring they understand the material and can complete their homework confidently and proficiently.

What makes a tutoring service in Little Neck, NY stand out?

A tutoring service in Little Neck, NY stands out due to its quality of tutors, personalized tutoring plans, variety of subjects offered, and flexible scheduling. FrogTutoring provides all of these benefits, along with dedicated customer support and satisfaction guarantees to ensure the best possible tutoring experience.

Are there language tutors available in Little Neck, NY?

Language tutors are indeed available in Little Neck, NY for languages such as Spanish, French, Mandarin, and more. FrogTutoring offers access to skilled language tutors who can help with conversational skills, grammar, and exam preparation for students of all proficiency levels.

Pre Calculus FAQ

What are the key topics covered in Pre Calculus tutoring?

Pre Calculus tutoring typically covers key mathematical concepts such as functions and their properties, polynomial and rational functions, exponential and logarithmic functions, trigonometry and the unit circle, sequences and series, and sometimes an introduction to limits and derivatives to prepare students for calculus.

How can Pre Calculus tutoring help improve my math skills?

Pre Calculus tutoring can significantly improve your math skills by providing personalized instruction that targets your specific weaknesses, focusing on problem-solving strategies, reinforcing foundational mathematical concepts, and preparing you for the analytical thinking required in calculus and other higher-level math courses.

What should I look for in a good Pre Calculus tutor?

A good Pre Calculus tutor should have a strong understanding of mathematical concepts, excellent communication skills to explain complex topics clearly, patience, the ability to customize lessons to the student's learning style and pace, and a track record of helping students succeed in Pre Calculus.

Is Pre Calculus tutoring worth it for students planning to study STEM?

Yes, Pre Calculus tutoring is particularly beneficial for students planning to study STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) as it strengthens their mathematical foundation, prepares them for the rigors of college-level calculus, and is essential for success in many STEM courses.

Can Pre Calculus tutoring be done effectively online?

Absolutely, Pre Calculus tutoring can be conducted effectively online using virtual meeting platforms that provide whiteboard functionality, screen sharing, and real-time communication, allowing for interactive sessions that can replicate the experience of in-person tutoring.

Common Questions on Pre Calculus Tutors

What topics are covered by a precalculus tutor?

A precalculus tutor typically covers a variety of topics including functions and their properties, polynomials, rational expressions, exponential and logarithmic functions, trigonometry, complex numbers, conics, and sequences and series. They also focus on improving problem-solving skills and mathematical thinking in preparation for calculus courses. Ready to enhance your understanding of precalculus? Click here to request a tutor or learn more about our services.

How can a precalculus tutor help improve my grades?

A precalculus tutor can help improve your grades by providing personalized attention, clarifying concepts you might be struggling with, helping you master fundamental skills, showing you problem-solving strategies tailored to your learning style, and preparing you for tests and exams. Boost your precalculus grades today! Click here to request a tutor.

How do I find the best precalculus tutor for my needs?

To find the best precalculus tutor for your needs, consider factors such as the tutor's expertise in precalculus topics, teaching experience, availability, teaching style, and ability to tailor sessions to your individual goals. FrogTutoring offers a selection of qualified tutors to match your specific needs. Discover the ideal tutor for your learning style and objectives. Click here to explore our services.

What are the benefits of online precalculus tutoring versus in-person tutoring?

Online precalculus tutoring offers flexibility, accessibility, and convenience, allowing you to learn from anywhere at any time. It also provides access to a broader range of tutors, potentially including experts in specific topics. In-person tutoring provides a more personal connection and potentially more hands-on help. Whichever you prefer, FrogTutoring has options for you. Get the support you need by clicking here to request a tutor.

Can precalculus tutoring help with SAT/ACT math preparation?

Yes, precalculus tutoring can be very beneficial for SAT/ACT math preparation, as it reinforces key mathematical concepts and problem-solving skills that are vital for these standardized tests. A qualified tutor can guide you through practice problems, test-taking strategies, and review the math topics covered on the SAT/ACT exams. Prepare for your SAT/ACT with confidence! Click here to learn more about our tutoring services.

Little Neck, NY Neighborhoods We Service

Little Neck, NY, a neighborhood in the northeastern part of the Borough of Queens in New York City, is known for its suburban feel, excellent schools, and close-knit community. While Little Neck itself is often considered a singular neighborhood, it is part of a larger community that encompasses various areas, each with its own unique characteristics and charm. Here's a glimpse at the various localities that constitute the broader scope of Little Neck:

  1. Westmoreland Area: Nestled in the western part of Little Neck, the Westmoreland neighborhood is characterized by its beautiful detached single-family homes, pristine lawns, and tree-lined streets. This residential haven offers a quiet retreat from the bustling city life and is known for its friendly atmosphere.

  2. Little Neck Pines: Often referred to simply as "The Pines," this neighborhood within Little Neck is typified by an array of charming Tudor and Cape Cod-style houses. The tranquility and picturesque setting of Little Neck Pines make it a highly sought-after location for families and professionals alike.

  3. Little Neck Hills: As one of Little Neck's most affluent areas, Little Neck Hills presents residents with an elevated living experience. This hilly neighborhood is dotted with luxurious homes, many of which offer views of the surrounding landscape and beyond.

  4. Pines Section of Douglaston: Although sometimes considered a part of Douglaston, the Pines section borders Little Neck and is characterized by lush greenery and expansive properties. The houses here often boast spacious yards and a seclusion that is rare to find so close to the urban landscape of New York City.

  5. Douglas Bay Estates: This waterfront neighborhood, which hugs the shoreline along Little Neck Bay, provides residents with stunning water views and boating opportunities. Douglas Bay Estates also features a mix of architectural styles, including modernist homes and traditional brick estates.

  6. Success Lake Area: Named after a small pond in the vicinity, the Success Lake area of Little Neck is a peaceful retreat for those who enjoy the presence of natural water features in an urban setting. The neighborhood boasts a mix of single-family homes and condos, offering various living accommodations to suit different preferences.

  7. Little Neck Manor: This part of Little Neck is an enclave of history and charm, with some homes dating back to the early 20th century. Little Neck Manor offers a touch of nostalgia and continuity in a rapidly evolving city.

Each of these neighborhoods brings its distinctive flavor to the community of Little Neck, offering choices that range from waterfront luxury to classic suburban life. If you're considering tutoring or educational services in Little Neck, NY, understanding the richness and diversity of each of these areas can help tailor your approach to the needs and cultural backdrop of students and families you're looking to serve. Frogtutoring, with its commitment to personalized and local education, recognizes the importance of appreciating the unique character of Little Neck's many neighborhoods.

About Little Neck, NY And It’s Education Institutions

Little Neck, NY is a small neighborhood in the eastern part of Queens, known for its suburban feel and significant landmarks. One of the most notable is the historic Vanderbilt Motor Parkway, one of the country's first parkways and a precursor to the modern freeway, which traversed Little Neck on its route between Queens and Lake Ronkonkoma. Allen's Neck Lighthouse is another key landmark, though no longer in operation, it serves as a nostalgic reminder of Little Neck's maritime heritage. The area is also home to the Douglas Manor Historic District, offering glimpses of early 20th-century architecture and affluent living.

The neighborhood is served by some of the top-ranking public schools in the city, such as P.S. 94 David D. Porter, and Benjamin N. Cardozo High School, both known for their strong academic programs. Private education is also well represented with institutions like the Lutheran School of Flushing and Bayside. Education resources are plentiful, with public libraries like the Douglaston/Little Neck branch offering support for students with a wide range of books, digital media, and educational programs.

Founded in the 17th century, Little Neck has grown to be a peaceful community with a population that was approximately 20,000 as per the last count. Little Neck does not have its own independent school district; instead, it falls under the jurisdiction of New York City's Department of Education. As for higher education, while there are no universities located within Little Neck itself, residents have convenient access to several nearby institutions, including Queens College and St. John’s University. Despite its small size, Little Neck continues to be a cherished enclave, priding itself on a deep sense of history, education, and community.

Students at These Little Neck, NY Schools Excel with Our Tutoring

Below is a sample list of schools in Little Neck, NY, where students have greatly benefited from our tutoring services. This list is not exhaustive but provides a snapshot of private and public educational institutions in Little Neck whose diverse student bodies have enhanced their academic prowess through our tailored tutoring programs.

P.S. 94 David D. Porter: A public elementary school dedicated to providing a nurturing and challenging educational environment for its students. Visit Website

Louis Pasteur Middle School 67: A public middle school that emphasizes academic excellence and the social and emotional development of students. Visit Website

Little Neck School: Another public school choice offering a strong base in fundamental education for young learners. Visit Website

St. Anastasia School: A private Catholic elementary school committed to the moral and academic development of its students. Visit Website

Divine Wisdom Catholic Academy: This private academy provides a faith-based education combined with a rigorous academic curriculum. Visit Website

North Shore Hebrew Academy: A private Jewish day school providing an education that balances secular and Jewish studies. Visit Website

Notre Dame School: A private Catholic academy known for its commitment to academic excellence and faith formation. Visit Website

Buckley Country Day School: An independent, coeducational day school offering an innovative and comprehensive education. Visit Website

Portledge School: This independent day school serves students from Pre-Nursery through Twelfth Grade, fostering the individual potential of each student. Visit Website

Village School: A public school that prides itself on fostering a tight-knit community and academic success in their high school students. Visit Website

Please note that official websites may change or be updated, and I recommend verifying the web addresses or searching for the school online if any link does not work.

About Pre Calculus & Pre Calculus Tutoring

Pre Calculus is a course and field of study that acts as a bridge between algebra and calculus, encompassing all of the basic concepts required to understand the more complex ideas found in calculus. It typically covers a variety of topics including functions, complex numbers, vectors, matrices, sequences, series, and trigonometry. Precalculus is designed to prepare students for the study of calculus, building a strong mathematical foundation that is essential for success in higher mathematics.

There is no one single type of Pre Calculus, but it usually includes Algebraic and Trigonometric Pre Calculus. The algebraic component focuses on polynomial, rational, exponential, and logarithmic functions, plus an understanding of expressions and equations, while the trigonometric part covers the study of triangles, sinusoidal functions, and their applications.

Related entities to Pre Calculus include Algebra I and II, Geometry, and Trigonometry, which lay the groundwork for the complex concepts introduced in Pre Calculus. It is also directly connected to Calculus I, often taken immediately after Pre Calculus, which delves deeper into limits, derivatives, and integrals.

When tutoring someone who struggles with Pre Calculus, the best strategy is to be patient, understand the learner's specific challenges, and then break down the complex concepts into smaller, more manageable parts. Regular practice with real-life applications can also help make the abstract concepts more tangible. Encouraging the use of graphical and numerical approaches alongside analytical methods can provide a fuller understanding of the material.

The most common concepts in Pre Calculus are those relating to functions—such as domain and range, composition, inversion, and transformation of functions—as well as an understanding of trigonometry, including the unit circle, trigonometric identities, and graphing trigonometric functions. Concepts related to sequences and series, particularly arithmetic and geometric sequences, are also frequently encountered.

As for difficulty, many students find the abstract nature of series and sequences challenging, especially when moving on to infinite series and special series like the Fibonacci sequence. In addition, the study of limits, although more closely associated with calculus, often begins in Pre Calculus, and it requires students to grasp the concept of approaching a specific value without necessarily reaching it. Trigonometric identities and solving trigonometric equations can also be particularly difficult due to their complexity and the exactness required in their manipulation.

In conclusion, Pre Calculus is a comprehensive subject that sets the stage for calculus and further studies in mathematics. Its concepts are foundational, and mastery of them is crucial for any student looking to advance in the mathematical sciences. With the right tutoring strategy and plenty of practice, even those who struggle can achieve a solid understanding of Pre Calculus concepts.